La subnormalidad a debate: discursos y prácticas sobre la discapacidad intelectual en el segundo franquismo / Subnormality under debate: discourses and policies on intellectual disability during the late Franco regime

Resumen Durante las dos últimas décadas de la dictadura franquista, las personas con discapacidad intelectual se convirtieron en objeto de preocupación de la sociedad española y protagonizaron un debate en el que participaron el Estado, la Iglesia, algunos grupos profesionales y sus propias familias. Este debate estuvo alimentado por ideas que circulaban en el contexto internacional y que defendían el derecho de estas personas a incorporarse a la sociedad y a disfrutar de las mismas oportunidades que el resto de los individuos. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las circunstancias que favorecieron la aparición de esta preocupación y apuntar los elementos que sirvieron para configurar los discursos y guiar las prácticas sobre la discapacidad intelectual desarrolladas en el segundo franquismo.

Abstract During the last two decades of the Franco dictatorship, intellectually disabled people became an object of concern on the part of Spanish society and the center of a debate involving the state, the church, certain professional groups and families of those affected. This debate was stoked by ideas circulating in the international setting about the right of the intellectually disabled to integrate into society and enjoy the same opportunities as other individuals. This article seeks to identify the circumstances that led to the emergence of this concern and to note the elements that helped construct the discourses and govern the practices on intellectual disability that developed during the later years of the Franco regime.

El encanto de editar una revista médica y los recuerdos nostálgicos al alejarme / The fascination of editing a medical journal and the nostalgic memories when departing

As of March 2016, Humberto Reyes, MD, FACP, steps down as Editor-in-Chief of Revista Médica de Chile. He joined its editorial team in 1971, as a part-time Assistant Editor. A few years later he became Associate Editor and since 1996, Editor-in-Chief. During his tenure the journal improved the peer review system and implemented a web platform to handle the editorial process, while following the recommendations established by acknowledged organizations such as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), the World Association of Medical Journal Editors (WAME) and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Since 2010 he represented Revista Médica de Chile as an ICMJE Member. After an open contest, the Sociedad Médica de Santiago, founder and owner of Revista Médica de Chile since 1872, elected Fernando Florenzano MD as the new Editor-in-Chief. Dr. Reyes leaves this long lasting job with the satisfaction of having conducted an institution considered among mainstream medical journals in spite of being mostly published in Spanish. Revista Médica de Chile receives a high proportion of the research articles that have been generated in the country, subsequently handled by an enthusiastic and solid editorial team whose responsibilities go far beyond selecting the material to be published since they are medical educators striving to help authors to improve their papers before having them published. Conducting this journal has been a fascinating task for this Editor as well as an unforgettable experience.

Da segurança e medicina do trabalho à Saúde do Trabalhador: história e desafios da Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional / From occupational safety and health to Workers’ Health: history and challenges to the Brazilian Journal of Occupational Health

Resumo A Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional (RBSO) é o periódico científico do campo da Saúde do Trabalhador publicado pela Fundacentro desde 1973. O percurso histórico, o desempenho atual, os desafios e as perspectivas futuras da RBSO são discutidos a partir de análise documental. A história da revista pode ser dividida em três períodos, começando durante o governo militar. No início, se constituiu em veículo de difusão de conhecimentos e da política de prevenção de acidentes, na qual a Fundacentro desempenhava papel central. No início dos anos 80 abre-se espaço para publicações de caráter técnico científico, assim como o campo da Saúde do Trabalhador surge em suas páginas. Em 2005-6, um processo de reestruturação é implementado, assegurando política e estruturas editoriais independentes. Desde 2006, 139 artigos originais e nove dossiês temáticos foram publicados; a Revista está indexada em 9 bases; Qualis/CAPES B1 na área Interdisciplinar e B2 em Saúde coletiva, com tendência ascendente no Fator de Impacto SciELO e índice h5 no Google Scholar. Todavia, a relativa baixa produção científica no campo e o alto índice de rejeição de manuscritos podem colocar em risco a sobrevivência do “lócus principal” para publicações científicas no campo da Saúde do Trabalhador.

Abstract The Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional (RBSO) - Brazilian Journal of Occupational Health - is an academic peer-reviewed journal in the field of Workers’ Health that has been published by Fundacentro since 1973. Its historical trajectory, current performance, challenges and future perspectives were approached, in this paper, from a documental analysis. The journal's history can be divided into three periods, starting during the military government. At the beginning, the journal was the official vehicle for the Brazilian occupational accidents prevention policy, in which Fundacentro played a central role. The early 1980s opens space for technical-scientific publications and the field of Workers’ Health emerges on the journal's pages. In 2005-6, a restructuring process is implemented, ensuring independent editorial policy and structures. Since 2006, 139 original papers and 9 thematic issues have been published. The journal is indexed in 9 bibliographic databases, has been ranked B1 in the field of interdisciplinary studies and B2 in the field of public health by CAPES, has an upward trend in the SciELO Impact Factor, and has an h-index of 5 in Google Scholar. Nevertheless, the low scientific production in the field and the high rate of rejection of manuscripts may jeopardize the survival of the journal, which is the main locus for scientific publications in the field of Workers’ Health.

Saúde e Sociedade: parceria e abertura para novas abordagens / Saúde e Sociedade Journal: partnership and openness to new approaches

Resumo O texto relata a trajetória do periódico científico Saúde e Sociedade, editado desde 1992 pela Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo em parceria com a Associação Paulista de Saúde Pública. Apresenta o contexto da época de criação do periódico, sua missão, voltada à divulgação da contribuição das Ciências Humanas e Sociais à Saúde, os principais desafios enfrentados ao longo de sua história até os dias de hoje, as metas e as estratégias para melhoria da qualidade científica, da visibilidade da revista, da indexação em diferentes bases bibliográficas nacionais e internacionais, da internacionalização e da sustentabilidade, com reafirmação de seus princípios fundantes.

Abstract The text traces the trajectory of the Saúde e Sociedade scientific journal, published by the School of Public Health, University of São Paulo in partnership with the Associação Paulista de Saúde Pública since 1992. It presents the context of the era in which the journal was created and its mission of divulging the contributions of Human and Social Sciences to Health Care, the challenges it has faced over the length of its history until today, its goals and strategies for improving scientific quality, the journal's visibility, becoming indexed in various national and international bibliographic databases and about its internationalization and sustainability, reaffirming its founding principles.

A Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia: 18 anos de contribuição à difusão de conhecimentos / The Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology: 18 years of contributing to knowledge dissemination

Resumo A Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia está completando 18 anos como veículo da comunidade da Saúde na difusão de conhecimentos, tanto na perspectiva teórica quanto na analise da realidade sanitária, bem como no exercício da prática em serviços de saúde. Afinada com o conjunto de disciplinas do campo da Saúde Coletiva, as suas origens e concepções atendem aos movimentos do setor sanitário e seguem as áreas de atuação propostas nos “Planos Diretores para o Desenvolvimento da Epidemiologia no Brasil”. Tem apresentado ao longo do tempo demanda crescente para publicação de artigos, fato que tem favorecido seu crescente fator de impacto. A RBE adotou como política editorial disseminar sua produção de forma bilíngue, com o objetivo de proporcionar maior visibilidade internacional e atender, igualmente, os pesquisadores e os profissionais da área. Como os demais periódicos científicos nacionais, ressente-se da ausência de política nacional de ciência e tecnologia em um apoio mais efetivo visando a garantir a sua sustentabilidade. Como perspectiva futura, espera-se alcançar maior repercussão da revista nos meios acadêmicos, junto aos profissionais dos serviços de saúde e, não menos importante, altos impactos junto à sociedade em geral.

Abstract The Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia (RBE - Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology) is completing 18 years as a vehicle for the dissemination of knowledge in the area of health. This knowledge relates to theoretical perspectives, the analysis of the reality of existing health conditions, as well as practices within health services. Fitting within all the disciplines of the field of public health, the origins of this journal, and the concepts that it covers, reflect movements within the health sector and also shadow the areas of operation proposed in the “Master Plans for the Development of Epidemiology in Brazil”. Over time, there has been increasing demand for the publication of articles within the journal, a fact that has favored its growing impact factor. The RBE adopted an editorial policy designed to disseminate its production in a bilingual form in order to attain greater international visibility and to meet the needs of both researchers and professionals in the field. Like all Brazilian scientific journals, it has suffered from the absence of national scien-tific and technological policies designed to provide more effective assistive in ensuring its sustainability. Looking towards the future, it is hoped that the RBE will achieve even greater impact within academia, in relation to health service professionals, and, not least, that it will achieve a high impact within society at large.

Celebrando Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, lembrando da trajetória da Physis / Celebrating Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, reminiscing about the trajectory of Physis

Resumo Descrevemos a história e as características da revista Physis, apresentando uma visão geral do que foi publicado nos 24 anos desde seu número inicial. Apresentamos alguns dados referentes a citações e uma discussão crítica dos mesmos. Encerramos com uma discussão dos movimentos observados recentemente nas políticas de agências governamentais com relação à política científica, manifestando nossa preocupação e defendendo uma política que privilegie a diversidade e a ampliação dos veículos de divulgação científica.

Abstract We describe the history and characteristics of the journal Physis by presenting an overview of what was published in the 24 years since its first issue. We present some data relating to quotations and a critical discussion of same. We end with a discussion of recently observed movements in policies of government agencies regarding scientific policy, expressing our concern and advocating a policy fomenting the diversity and the broadening of the scope of vehicles of scientific dissemination.

Uma breve história de Cadernos de Saúde Pública / A brief history of cadernos de Saúde Pública/reports in Public Health

Resumo O presente artigo foi redigido para integrar o número comemorativo dos 20 anos da Ciência e Saúde Coletiva (C&SC). Aproveitamos essa oportunidade para relembrar a trajetória exitosa de Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP) nos seus trinta anos de existência, passando de publicação trimestral de circulação restrita para um periódico mensal indexado nas principais bases de dados bibliográficas. Buscamos, adicionalmente, sintetizar alguns temas que abordamos em editoriais recentes, incluindo a internacionalização de periódicos, a demanda por artigos relevantes e originais, o plágio e a revisão por pares. Apresentamos também o sistema de gerenciamento de artigos desenvolvido por CSP e concluímos com uma reflexão sobre a cooperação entre os periódicos do campo da Saúde Coletiva.

Abstract This article was written as part of the 20th-year commemorative issue of Ciência e Saúde Coletiva (C&SC). We take advantage of this opportunity to revisit the successful history of Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP)/Reports in Public Health in its 30 years of publication, progressing from a quarterly periodical with limited circulation to a monthly journal indexed in the main scientific databases. We also summarize some themes from our recent editorials, including the internationalization of scientific journals, the demand for relevant and original articles, plagiarism, and peer review. We also discuss the article submission management system developed by CSP and conclude with ideas on cooperation between journals in the public health field.

Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde: a trajetória da revista do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil / Epidemiology and Health Services: the trajectory of the Brazilian National Health System Journal

Resumo A Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde – Revista do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil (RESS) é um periódico científico editado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Continuação do Informe Epidemiológico do SUS (IESUS), de 1992. Passou a denominar-se Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde em 2003. A RESS privilegia a epidemiologia nos serviços de saúde. Sua missão é difundir o conhecimento epidemiológico aplicável às ações de vigilância, prevenção e controle de doenças e agravos de interesse da saúde pública, visando ao aprimoramento dos serviços oferecidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O artigo descreve a trajetória da RESS, desde sua criação como IESUS, até sua consolidação como importante periódico científico brasileiro da área da saúde coletiva. São destacadas inciativas que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do periódico, a exemplo da revisão e implementação de seu plano de fortalecimento, da ampliação de seu corpo editorial, da realização de ações voltadas à promoção da integridade na publicação, além de atividades de divulgação, que incluíram a criação do Prêmio RESS Evidencia. Como resultado, a RESS logrou expressiva evolu-ção em seus indicadores de desempenho e indexa-ção em bases bibliográficas relevantes.

Abstract Epidemiology and Health Services – Brazilian National Health System Journal (Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde - RESS) is a scientific journal published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is the continuation of the Brazilian National Health System Epidemiological Report (Informe Epidemiológico do SUS - IESUS), created in 1992. Its name changed to Epidemiology and Health Services in 2003. RESS is centred on epidemiology in health services. Its mission is to disseminate epidemiological knowledge applicable to the surveillance, prevention and control of diseases relevant to Public Health, aiming to improve the services offered by the Brazilian National Health System. This article describes RESS’ trajectory, right from its creation as IESUS, up until its consolidation as an important Brazilian scientific journal in the Public Health field. Initiatives that have contributed to the journal's development are highlighted, such as the revision and implementation of the plan to strengthen the journal, the growth of its editorial board, actions aimed at promoting publication integrity, as well as activities to disseminate it, including the creation of the RESS Evidencia Prize. As a result, RESS has evolved greatly in terms of its performance indicators and was indexed in relevant bibliographical databases.

Um espaço interdisciplinar de comunicação científica na Saúde coletiva: a revista Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação / An interdisciplinary space of scientific communication in Collective (Public) Health: the journal interface - Communication, Health, Education

Resumo Faz-se uma reflexão sobre a experiência de 17 anos de produção de periódico científico de natureza interdisciplinar, a revista “Interface: Comunicação, Saúde, Educação,” que tem como escopo os campos da Saúde Coletiva, da Educação e da Comunicação. Examina-se, também, retrospectivamente os temas publicados pelo periódico, buscando-se reconhecê-los nas diferentes seções desta publicação. Por fim, analisa-se o periódico em sua evolução.

Abstract This is a reflection upon 17 years of experience in the production of an interdisciplinary scientific journal, the publication “Interface: Communication, Health, Education,” whose scope is in the fields of Collective (Public) Health, Education and Communication. It also examines retrospectively the themes published by the journal, seeking to identify them in different sections of this publication. Finally, the evolution of the journal is analyzed.

Reciis 8 anos: Uma história de inovação e desafios / /Reciis 8 years: A history of innovation and challenges / /Reciis 8 años: Una historia de innovación y retos

Com a edição deste volume 9, nº 2, a Revista Eletrônica de Comunicação, Informação e Inovação em Saúde – Reciis – completa oito anos de fundação neste junho de 2015. Um dos mais jovens periódicos científicos da Fiocruz, a publicação do Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde – Icict – comemora seu oitavo aniversário numa posição de contínua consolidação do seu projeto editorial inovador e com crescente reconhecimento acadêmico, sobretudo nos espaços de interseção entre ciência e informação, comunicação, tecnologia, saúde, cultura...

Obras cardiológicas en la Nueva España y en el primer siglo de la independencia / Cardiology writings in New Spain and in the first century of the Independent period

Se mencionan las principales obras de carácter cardioangiológico presentes en las bibliotecas públicas y particulares novohispanas desde el siglo XVI hasta el primer siglo de la independencia nacional. Estas van desde los verdaderos incunables, libros impresos hasta el año 1500, a los tratados de fisiología publicados por autores europeos en los siglos XVII y XVIII así como a los textos de cardiología de autores franceses de la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Tales obras figuraban en los catálogos de la biblioteca universitaria, fundada en 1762, así como en la biblioteca de un maestro de obras de la catedral metropolitana del siglo XVII y en la de un médico del siglo XVIII, el Dr. José Ignacio Bartolache. Este, a su vez, editó durante una breve temporada, desde octubre de 1772 hasta febrero de 1773, un periódico científico-médico: el «Mercurio Volante¼, primera publicación científica hebdomadaria de América. En bibliotecas novohispanas se hallaban asimismo varias revistas científicas europeas como la editada por el abate Rozier, en la cual aparecieron los escritos iniciales de Lavoisier. Los intercambios de ideas y conocimientos aquí señalados atestiguan el interés siempre vivo de elementos novohispanos selectos para los extensos y apasionantes dominios de la cardioangiología.

The first writings on cardioangiology found in public and private libraries of New Spain from the XVI century to the first century of the Independent period in Mexico are mentioned. These go from the truly incunabular ones, books printed until the year 1500, to the physiology treatises published by European authors in the XVII and XVIII centuries, as well as the cardiology texts from French authors of the first half of the XIX century. The writings were depicted in the catalogs of the University library, founded in 1762, as well as in the library of a master builder of the Metropolitan Cathedral of the XVII century and that of a physician of the XVIII century, Dr. José Ignacio Bartolache. The latter, in turn, edited for a brief period, from October 1772 to February 1773, a scientific-medical journal, «Mercurio Volante¼, which was the first scientific-hebdomadary publication in the Americas. Likewise, in the libraries of New Spain, several European scientific journals could be found, such as the one edited by the abbot Rozier, in which the initial writings of Lavoisier appeared. The exchange of ideas and knowledge, pointed out herein, attests to the always enthused interest of given individuals from New Spain on the boundless and passionate domains of cardioangiology.

Discourses on the nursing and psychiatric nurse models, published in the Annals of Nursing (1933-1951) / Discursos sobre modelos de enfermería y de enfermería psiquiátrica en los Annaes de Enfermagem (1933-1951) / Discursos sobre os modelos de enfermagem e de enfermeira psiquiátrica nos Annaes de Enfermagem (1933-1951)

Social-historical study aimed at discussing the nursing and psychiatric nurse models, from the discourses published in the Annals of Nursing. The historical sources were articles published in the Annals of Nursing journal, from 1933 to 1951. An analysis of the discourse was subsidized by the genealogy of power by Michel Foucault. The analysis showed that the discourse on nursing and the psychiatric nurse, in the first half of the 20th century, is set, on one side, by the propositions used by psychiatrists, who sought to reiterate stereotypes and vocations to practice nursing, and, on the other side, by the active participation of nurses seeking to legitimize expertise for psychiatric nursing. It was concluded that the discourses analyzed defined a psychiatric care focused on the nurse and not the rest of the nursing staff, at that time. .

Estudio histórico y social que objetivó discutir el modelo de enfermería y de enfermera psiquiátrica, a partir de los discursos publicados en los Anales de Enfermería. Las fuentes históricas fueron artículos publicados en la revista Annaes de Enfermagem, de 1933 a 1951. Se utilizó el análisis del discurso, subsidiado por la genealogía del poder de Michel Foucault. El análisis evidenció que el discurso sobre la enfermería y la enfermera psiquiátrica en la primera mitad del siglo XX, se configuró, de un lado, por proposiciones que fueron utilizadas por médicos psiquiatras, que visaban reiterar vocaciones y estereotipos para la práctica de la enfermería, y, de otro lado, por la participación activa de enfermeras que buscaban legitimar un saber especializado para la enfermería psiquiátrica. Se concluyó que los discursos analizados definieron un modelo de asistencia de enfermería psiquiátrica direccionado hacia la enfermera y no hacia los demás trabajadores de enfermería a la época.

Estudo histórico-social que objetivou discutir os modelos de enfermagem e de enfermeira psiquiátrica, a partir dos discursos publicados nos Annaes de Enfermagem. As fontes históricas foram artigos publicados na revista Annaes de Enfermagem, de 1933 a 1951. Foi utilizada a análise do discurso subsidiada pela genealogia do poder de Michel Foucault. A análise evidenciou que o discurso sobre a enfermagem e a enfermeira psiquiátrica na primeira metade do século XX, se configurou, de um lado, por proposições que foram utilizadas por médicos psiquiatras, que visavam reiterar vocações e estereótipos para a prática da enfermagem, e, de outro lado, pela participação ativa de enfermeiras que buscavam legitimar um saber especializado para a enfermagem psiquiátrica. Concluiu-se que os discursos analisados definiram um modelo de assistência psiquiátrica voltado para a enfermeira e não para os demais trabalhadores de enfermagem à época.

Virgínia Leone Bicudo e o Jornal de Psicanálise / Virgínia Leone Bicudo and the Jornal de Psicanálise

O autor em um depoimento pessoal sobre os primeiros anos do Jornal de Psicanálise, destaca a importância do trabalho e liderança de Virgínia Leone Bicudo.

The author in a personal account, highlights the importance of Virgínia Leone Bicudo’s work and her leadership in the first years of “Jornal de Psicanálise”.

En un testimonio personal sobre los primeros años del Jornal de Psicanálise, el autor resalta la importancia del trabajo y liderazgo de Virgínia Leone Bicudo.

The Introduction of Compendium of Materia Medica and Praxis in the Late Joseon Dynasty / 의사학

Sakae Miki said Classified Emergency Materia Medica had been the dominant standard of herbology throughout Joseon Dynasty, and that Compendium of Materia Medica had only been accepted so lately that a few books used herbological result of it in the late Joseon Dynasty. But according to Visiting Old Beijing Diary written by Munjoong Seo in 1690, Compendium of Materia Medica was in fact introduced before the year 1712, the year Miki Sakae argued to be the year Compendium of Materia Medica was accepted to Joseon officially. Now, we can assume that the introducing year of Compendium of Materia Medica was faster than Miki Sakae's opinion by the following reasons; the effort of Joseon government and intellectuals to buy new books of Ming & Ching; the publishing year of the book for living in countryside regarded as the first citing literature of Compendium of Materia Medica. And the True Records of the Joseon Dynasty and many collections written by intellectuals in the 18th century show that the herbological knowledge from Compendium of Materia Medica had already spread to the corners of Joseon Dynasty. Thus we can make the following assumption: Classified Emergency Materia Medica and Compendium of Materia Medica had coexisted in the late Joseon Dynasty. Sakae Miki suggested 6 examples which used Compendium of Materia Medica in the late Joseon Dynasty. I reviewed two of them in this paper, Essentials of Materia Medica & Handbook of Prescriptions from Materia Medica. Essentials of Materia Medica quoted Compendium of Materia Medica briefly focusing clinical use, and Handbook of Prescriptions from Materia Medica also re-compiled Compendium of Materia Medica to practical use according to the form of Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine. It means that the results of Compendium of Materia Medica have been used positively, based on the herbology of materia medica from countryside. From this point of view, the hyphothesis there weren't any herbological progress after accepting Compendium of Materia Medica in the late Joseon Dynasty by Sakae Miki can be denied.

The Trend and Prospect of Studies in the Modern History of Medicine in Korea / 의사학

The Korean Journal of Medical History published in 1992 provides spaces for publication to medical historians who have been growing increasingly since the 1990s, thereby stimulating studies in the modern history of medicine in Korea. Through research published in the Korean Journal of Medical History and other journals, the course through which medicine in Korea in the modern times has been formed and the content of medicine that composed that course are elucidated. This article concludes that the various research tend to posit the view that the modern history of medicine in Korea evolves through a process of accommodation with Western medicine rather than being a complete transplantation of Western medicine, and describes medicine as it is viewed by consumers rather than the operators of medicine. How government power or colonial power utilized medicine in order to stabilize their rule is also a common theme. Now, it is come time to interrogate the viewpoints and analytical methods of medical history studies. Given that medicine is one area that drives changes in Korea in contemporary times, the outcomes obtained through this field can be sufficiently utilized when studying other areas. For instance, agony over the modernity of missionary medicine being studied recently provides meaningful implications in understanding the modernity of Korea. However, the importance of substantiation should not be overlooked as theories not supported by thorough documentary evidence are weak.

The Trend and Prospect of Studies on the History of Western Medicine in Korea / 의사학

Studies on the history of Western medicine in Korea began to be actively conducted and published since the restart of the Korean Society for the History of Medicine in 1991, which had been originally inaugurated in 1947, and the publication of its official journal, the Korean Journal of Medical History in 1992. In 1970s and 1980s, even before the start of the Journal, articles on a history of Western medicine were published mainly written by physicians in medical journals. This paper aims to provide an overview of the publications on the history of Western medicine in Korea, comparing papers published in the Journal with those published in other journals. Authors of the papers in the Journal are those who majored in history of medicine or history science whose initial educational backgrounds were medicine or science, whereas authors of the papers in other journals majored in Western history, economic history, social history, religious history, or women's history. While a large portion of papers in the Journal deal with medicine in ancient Greek or in modern America with no paper on medieval medicine, the papers in other journals deal with more various periods including ancient, medieval and modern periods and with diverse areas including France, Britain, Germany, Europe etc. Recent trends in 2000s show an increase in the number of researchers who published the history of Western medicine in other journals, total number of their publications, and the topics that they dealt with in their papers. In contrast, however, the number of researchers published in the Journal, the number of the papers and its topics - all decreased in recent years. Only three papers on the history of diseases have been published in the Journal, while eleven published in other journals. In order to stimulate research on the history of Western medicine in Korea, concerted efforts are necessary including academic communication among various disciplines, formulation of a long term plan to enlarge the pool of researchers and readers of the history of Western medicine, and development of strategic educational programs for both graduates and undergraduates including students of medicine and of humanities in Korea.

Japanese Travels of Joseon Medicine and the Aspects of Publication of Collections of Medical Written Conversations / 의사학

Of the more than two hundred collections of pildamchanghwa scattered around the world that are being catalogued and translated, more than forty are medical in nature. This paper organizes and charts the medical written conversations by their dates of publication and examine the various aspects of their publication. Medical written conversations have been collected since the Fourth Envoy. There are no records of medical written conversations or poetry exchange in Tsushima even though that was the first port of arrival for the Tongsinsa. Instead, sources show that written conversations and poetry exchanges mostly took place in Kyoto, Tokyo, and Osaka; indeed, these three cities, in that order, also have yielded the highest volumes of publication. The first commercially published collection of medical written conversations was Sanghaneuidam, published in 1713 following the Eighth Envoy. Though Gyerimchanghwajip was published two years earlier in 1711, it is clear from the usage of the word changhwa in the title that this collection was not strictly limited to medical written conversations. Sanghaneuidam was an attempt by Japanese medicine to collect questions and answers in order to publish as medical textbooks. The Japanese medicine that was involved in the most written conversations was Kawamura Shunko, who was the editor of Sanghaneuimundap and Joseonpildam following the Tenth Envoy. Publications with titles containing 'eui' explicitly contemplates the targeted readership. Kitao Shunpo was one Japanese medicine who was less interested in meeting a literary scrivener, but instead sought to converse with a respected medicine. When the Eighth Envoy of 1711 arrived in Ogaki, Kitao followed around the Joseon medicines and attempted written conversations. He enlisted the aid of his second son Shunrin in organizing the written conversations, and published the collection, complete with preface, postscript, and appendices-an editorial decision that fully contemplated his audience. Prior to meeting Gi Du-mun, Kitao meticulously planned out the order of questions-that is, the table of contents for Sanghaneuidam. Kitao drafted his questions to serve the purpose of a medical textbook, edited the contents of the written conversations, and added illustrations before presenting the collection to the public. Seomulyuchan, one of the most famous leishu in Japan, contains a preface by Lee Hyeon, a scrivener of Joseon. Kitao, who had studied Dongeuibogam, had already possessed a vast and systematic knowledge of materia medica; however, he sought Lee's contributions, hoping that a preface written by a renowned Joseon scholar would lend his publication more credibility. As such, it can be inferred that the preface to Seomulyuchan was created as an extension of the medical written conversations.